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All drug tests can be divided into two general groups.
The first group is the kind most people are familiar with. This type of drug testing involves the donor giving a sample of some bodily fluid or hair to an employer, doctor, law enforcement official, or a medical center. This is normally a sample of blood, urine, hair, or saliva/oral fluid. After collection from the donor, the sample is sealed with a tamper-evident seal and sent to a laboratory for analysis. The primary advantages of this type of test are accuracy, legal defensibility, and the ability to customize tests for a particular demographic group. The disadvantages are typically costs associated with the need for collection sites (blood, urine), & the delay in receiving results (up to 4 days.)
The second type of drug testing is an on-site (workplace drug test, school drug tests, or at-home) drug tests that does not require a laboratory. These types of drug tests provide the advantages of lower cost and availability of results within minutes. Furthermore, if on-site tests, such as oral fluid-based or saliva tests are used, the problem of "beating the tests" can be virtually eliminated. On-site tests provide qualitative results, and when supplemented with laboratory-based confirmation tests, can be defended in a court of law
Employee drug testing is unfortunately one of the most controversial and troublesome issues facing American employers
